American Literature Romanticism and Transcendentalism Flashcard

American Literature: Romanticism and Transcendentalism

Ethanol Paper Essay Example

Ethanol Paper Essay What is Ethanol? Ethanol, which is in some cases called ethyl liquor, unadulterated liquor, or grain liquor is characterized as, â€Å"a high octane, clean consuming, American-made inexhaustible energizes. † Ethanol is an expanding significant part of our general public and its prevalence is getting increasingly far reaching regularly. Ethanol, a substance made out of Sugar-stick, maize, sorghum, wheat , and different grains, has gotten one of the principle suitable wellspring of vitality on the planet. In nations like South Africa and Brazil, fuel contains around 24 percent ethanol (quite a bit of it 100 percent), 76 percent gas. In the United States, in most assistance stations, fuel is mixed 10 percent ethanol, 90 percent gas. The record of oil costs overall is amazingly high. Indeed, even idea the creation and utilization of ethanol in the United States have increment, the oil advertise costs still high. One of the answers for this issue is to increment of mixing of ethanol with fuel, much the same as in Brazil. As indicated by thefreedictionary. com ethanol is â€Å" A liquor acquired from the maturation of sugars and starches or by compound combination. It is the inebriating element of mixed drinks, and is likewise utilized as a dissolvable, in explosives, and as an added substance to or substitution for oil based energizes. † Brazil being one of the main nations truly investigating ethanol has constrained if not remove its reliance on oil. It cost less to deliver ethanol and it is additionally cleaner for our condition. Starting in the 1970’s each ga station in Brazil was required to have in any event one ethanol siphon and the legislature ordered that all gas be blended in with ethanol. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ethanol Paper explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Ethanol Paper explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Ethanol Paper explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This new disclosure has additionally prompted another sort of vehicle called, a â€Å"flex vehicle†. It gives the driver the choice of either utilizing fuel and ethanol mix or 100 % percent ethanol. Today 70% of all vehicles sold in Brazil are flex vehicles. They cost about equivalent to a standard vehicle. Ethanol is cleaner, less expensive and better for nature and us as people. Ethanol is higher in power-delivering octane than most gas and can diminish tailpipe outflows of carbon monoxide and destructive particulates The creation of ethanol is developing at a quick rate since the creation in the 1980’s. There are roughly 180 ethanol creation offices in the US and this number doesn't represent the 20 that are as of now under assembling. Ethanol is ordinarily joined with unleaded fuel and can be a mix of E10, E20, E30, E40 or E85. The most widely recognized mixes are E10 and E85. E10 is comprised of 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded fuel. Around 70% of fuel we use in our vehicles are the blend of E10 in light of the fact that it has unadulterated consuming attributes. E85 is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% unleaded gas and can be utilized for adaptable fuel vehicles (FFVs). Consistently, the utilization of ethanol has gotten significant and over the previous decade, numerous ranchers, specialists and financial specialists have joined the progressions in the creation ethanol. The USDA accepts that the new creation of oil will make an income of around 2 to 4 billion dollars for ranchers constantly 2012. There have been a few examinations that have been led and they all demonstrate that the cost of corn has expanded 5-10 for every bushels if the homestead was set close to a region of an ethanol plant. Corn is the essential fixing in the creation of ethanol and it can likewise be utilized in different items, for example, wheat, grain, sugar stick, beets, cheddar, potatoes (and so on). Ethanol can likewise be fabricated in a dry-factories and wet-plants (which were progressively regular when ethanol was first delivered). The ethanol that is made is the United States uproots the requirement for unrefined petroleum that we would require from different nations. This would lead our nation to acquire autonomy which is required in a period where our economy needs to devour all its important assets. The Energy Information Administration announced that â€Å"Ethanol is vital to diminishing our country’s exchange shortfall unrefined petroleum, a figure that has consistently been consistently expanding: $27 billion of every 1987 up to $100 billion out of 2002. † Since the United States imports 66% of their oil, the reliance of outside raw petroleum will get incredible in the years to come. The Federal Highway Administration expresses that the US fuel utilization has expanded structure 12 billions a gallon a year in 1970, to 160 billion gallons in 2002. That is a colossal hop in such a shot measure of time that persuades that we are devouring more ethanol on a yearly premise. Ethanol is critical and it is of extraordinary incentive to the US agribusiness since it creates a large number of dollars on a neighborhood, state and national level. It is assessed that the more plants delivered, more occupations will be made for the our nation whose individuals are continually losing there positions because of practical reasons. Ethanol is being proposed as the following elective wellspring of vitality that will address the issues for the appeal for fuel. Ethanol a biofuel is viewed as a suitable wellspring of vitality, as it is produced using such harvests as corn, maize, sugarcane, potato and pretty much any strong waste issue. Ethanol is additionally viewed as an inexhaustible wellspring of vitality, got from the daylight, which is replenishable. Alongside these characteristics, there are as yet numerous points of interest and burdens to the utilization of Ethanol as a wellspring of vitality. One could state that the benefits of Ethanol’s use far exceed the disservices; anyway the inquiry is posed to what are these preferences. The significant bit of leeway of Ethanol’s use is the wellspring of vitality that is utilized in its creation. The vitality source is predominantly gotten from the sun and as such adds to the expense of creation. Contrasted with vitality from petroleum products, which when once consume is gone, the vitality from Ethanol is sustainable and reusable (Blackburn, 1987). Monetary profit is another of Ethanol’s advantage: Ethanol’s future is presently observed as a capital speculation (Hostetter, 2007). Ethanol is currently being exchanged on the financial exchange and has had it â€Å"fair share† of highs and lows available, where it was once contrasted with the free for all of the website organizations at their initiation into the market (Hostetter, 2007). Ethanol is viewed as condition well disposed, particularly in today’s world where more spotlight and mindfulness on â€Å"going green† has become a reason for some in sparing the earth. â€Å"In the U. S. , ethanol’s condition agreeable job is becoming because of enactment ordering an eliminating of other fuel sources with the harmful Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), for ethanol† (Anwar, 2006). Free ranchers may likewise profit by the utilization of Ethanol, particularly those ranchers whose principle crop is corn. Corn is one of the fundamental yields utilized in the creation of Ethanol and in that capacity, its deal will give a lift to the ranchers who produce corn. Ethanol use will likewise diminish ozone depleting substance discharge, whereby carbon will be â€Å"recaptured† during the way toward making ethanol. The benefits of Ethanol utilize are irrefutable; be that as it may, the hindrances to ethanol’s use are similarly the same number of. Weaknesses to Ethanol’s use incorporate food deficiencies, the same number of staples including the potato is being utilized to make Ethanol. Trees that are once in a while utilized as type of warmth vitality in the creation of Ethanol will leave a void in the region from which they were taken, leaving a potential for avalanches. This is obvious in the nation of Haiti, where as of late; avalanches ended the life and employment of numerous individuals during the storm seasons. This was an immediate consequence of deforestation in that nation. â€Å"Corn, which is the wellspring of 95% of ethanol in the U. S. , is among the least proficient, least feasible biofuels. Corn ethanol has little guarantee of decreasing U. S. petroleum product emissions† (Shapely, 2007). Corn based Ethanol will add to ecological contamination; the planting of numerous fields of corn will require the utilization of composts and different synthetic compounds which if there is a spillover may prompt phosphorus contamination in the water table. Different burdens to Ethanol as a practical wellspring of vitality are the confinements in the planting of different yields. Since crops that are â€Å"high producers† of Ethanol will be sought after, at that point ranchers may not be urged to plant different yields, along these lines prompting deficiencies and shortage of different harvests to fill the gracefully of the food advertise. When contrasted with unadulterated fuel, consuming unadulterated Ethanol in a vehicle will result in at any rate a 34% decrease in miles per gallon. While Ethanol is viewed as less expensive, this may end up being an impediment to many, who take part in separation driving, for instance, the truck teamsters, who need as much mileage per gallon that is conceivable. As indicated by Union of Concerned Scientists, the majority of our vitality originates from non-renewable energy sources: coal, oil and petroleum gas. It flexibly around eight five percent of U. S. essential vitality utilization. Despite the fact that the provisions of these petroleum products are huge which means extents, they are not constrained, yet generally significant, the earth’s climate and biosphere may not endure the natural effect of consuming such colossal measures of these energizes. The distinctive kind of significant vitality sources and their history by Union of Concerned Scientists: Biomass is from plants, a rich wellspring of carbon and hydrogen, and one that can be utilized inside the regular carbon cycle. Biomass is quickly developing plants, for example,

International Relations - Research Project with Outline Paper

Universal Relations - Project with Outline - Research Paper Example Intermittently, an endeavoring atomic program sought after in Teheran during the time of 1970. According to the contemporaneous records of US, it was clearly referenced that the atomic desire of Iran was strongly centered around delivering 10-20 atomic force reactors and in excess of 20,000 megawatts of atomic force continuously of 1994. The atomic intensity of Iran was started as a light-water atomic force reactor to be set close to the city of Bushehr. Viably, uranium improvement innovation and delivering atomic weapons has likewise been actuated in the city of Teheran1. There are sure reasons that can be distinguished behind leaving atomic projects inside the nations. As indicated by the current situation, the worldwide nations look to embrace the atomic projects for powerful and moment security and in this way shield it from outside security dangers. Moreover, the atomic projects embraced by nations are frequently considered as a foundation of evident intimidations and doubt inside the worldwide condition which thusly builds the danger of worldwide manageability by an impressive extent2. The administration marvel of Iran has been reliably occurring in worldwide discussions concerning its atomic aspiration. It is in this setting a few all around contended proclamations according to Iran’s procurement of atomic projects have been remarked by different national just as worldwide pioneers. With this worry, the issue can be distinguished evidently alluding to the means of atomic aspiration taken by Iran with its worldwide connections. For example, the unidentifiable impacts of atomic threats are additionally viewed as a significant perspective for offering ascend to security worries in the midst of different nations. The lashing global constrain constrained Iran to temporarily freeze the uranium stronghold exercises and to build up the assessment of its atomic force sorting out partnerships with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the year 20033. The

Long term psychosocial effects of parental divorce Essay

Long haul psychosocial impacts of parental separation - Essay Example Regardless of whether they decided not to produce a great part of the results of their parents’ separate, the general public permits them little space to develop typically with all the insults and analysis they bring to the table. The offspring of separated from guardians need to grow additional potential, endurance and continuance to get by in the general public. Unfavorable impacts of the parental separation are unavoidable and begin to surface in the early long periods of a child’s scholarly vocation, when he/she needs to make reference to the name of watchmen on the confirmation structures. On the off chance that the kid happened to live with just one of the guardians, he/she builds up a hazy area for the picture of the second parent in his/her brain. He/she can not understand what it feels like to be the child of the missing guardian and turns out to be much progressively baffled, as his/her companions portray their relationship with the parent, that the kid needs. This paper examines the drawn out mental effects of the separation on the kids that they need to live with. Not long after the guardians separate, the most concerning issue that the youngster faces is his/her proprietorship. In a dominant part of cases, the responsibility for is chosen by the laws. The kid may need to live away from the parent he/she was exceptionally near. The youngster likewise looses his/her grandparents. Albeit a youngster may not understand such a major loss of sidekicks and family members, the inclination squeezes the kid in his inner mind and he generally misses something. The emotions lives on with the youngster as he/she grows up. Numerous youngsters experiencing comparative conditions may feel they need something, however exceptionally less of them really understand that it is those relations that were deserted soon as his/her folks went separate ways with one another. The turmoil makes the youngster create mental issues. The kid can not discover answers to numerous inquiries ascending in his/her own psyche. The kid needs to live on with those inquiries for the r emainder of his/her life. The kid attempts to sift through who was

4 Ways to Make the Most of Your Business School Campus Visit

Visiting campus is one of the best ways you can learn about your target MBA programs and not only determine if a program is right for you, but also acquire some school-specific fodder for your applications. This information can transform  components of your application  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ such as the essay, interview, and short answers – into real, customized pieces of content for the admissions decision makers. Before you pack your bags to visit some of the world’s best academic communities, however, read the below tips to make sure you are making the most of your campus visit. 1)  Meet with Admissions One of the best parts  of visiting campus is the ability to connect with the MBA admissions officers who will eventually review  your application. Creating a positive impression with admissions can really pay dividends. Forging a human connection is something that the majority of applicants will not do, so take advantage of the opportunity! Formal opportunities like the various information sessions hosted on campus are no-brainers during a campus visit, but make sure you don’t miss potential chances to also connect with representatives from admissions one-on-one, if possible. 2)  Visit a Class Sitting in on an MBA  class really helps contextualize the entire business school  experience while helping you determine if, academically, a program is right for you. Also, formal class visit programs are often tracked by admissions along with the information sessions, which can signal strong interest to the admissions office. 3)  Connect with Students Many programs will have formal programs that allow you to connect with students that share a similar profile as you, such as geographic, academic, interest or other demographic similarities. Informal chats with students can also be just as important, so spending some time on campus in public spaces can facilitate these type of interactions. Most current students will be more than happy to discuss their own personal experiences both on-campus and in the application process, so don’t be afraid to leverage these great sources of information. 4)  Explore the Student Community Classes and connections aside, choosing the right business school is an important decision. MBA  students spend a lot of time both on-campus and in the immediate area around campus, so taking the time to explore the greater community is a critical aspect of any visit. Determining if big cities such as  New York and Los Angeles are a fit for you, or if smaller towns like Hanover or Evanston are more your style,  is an integral part of the decision making process. Utilize these four  tips to make the most of your business school campus visits. Applying to business school? Call us at 1-800-925-7737 to speak with an MBA admissions expert, or  sign up for a  free consultation  and receive personalized advice for your unique application situation! As always, be sure to find us on Facebook, YouTube, and  Twitter. Dozie A. is a Veritas Prep Head Consultant for the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. His specialties include consulting, marketing, and low GPA/GMAT applicants.

Bill of Rights - Free Essay Example

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If a home grown Bill of Rights was adopted, fundamental rights and freedoms would be afforded better protection.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Even prior to re-entering office in 1997 and overseeing the enactment of the Human Rights Act 1998, the Labour Party was constitutionally committed to the enactment of a Bill of Rights[1]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights is a necessary first step, but it is not a substitute for our own Bill of Rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In the period that has elapsed since the 1998 Act, the political imperative to achieve a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“home grownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Bill of Rights appears to have dwindled[2]. Lord Scarman in the Preface to Zanderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s A Bill of Rights[3] points out: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Laws for the protection of the rights of individuals are of little value to the citizen if he cannot enforce them directly in the courts of his own country.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Of course, since that was written, the argument that the enforcement of human rights in the UK required a trip to Strasbourg has largely disappeared but there remain fundamental concerns that the incorporation of the ECHR will prove a palliative rather than a panacea and will distract attention from the need for domestic measures to enshrine fundamental rights. It is submitted that a Bill of Rights is required for two reasons: first, it is necessary clearly to define the types of rights and freedoms which should be accorded special protection; second, having done so, it is necessary to embody them in a document which has particular legal status and priority. Oliver and Drewry[4] take the view that the 1998 Act achieves neither of these objectives; while à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an important step in that directionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , it fulfils neither of these objectives fully. What is required is a Bill of Rights with full constitutional authority. A major obstacle facing the implementation of a UK Bill of Rights is complacency. For centuries, our citizens have taken a pride in a system of democratic government which has been exported all over the world without the need for a written constitution. This type of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if it ainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t broke, donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fix ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  mentality ignores the considerable further a dvantages which such an instrument might confer. While it is argued that the adoption of such a bill would interfere with the doctrine of separation of powers in that the interpretation of it would confer upon the judiciary a function akin to legislation, it can hardly be suggested that the present situation in which legislative and executive power are controlled by the process of judicial review (which has evolved at common law and has no legislative foundation) is more satisfactory. As has already been seen with the introduction of direct enforceability of the ECHR, the existence of a Bill of Rights would raise public awareness of rights issues. In common with the American Constitution, it could be taught in schools and engender a sense of civic rights and responsibilities which is presently lacking. Citizens would thus become empowered by readily accessible and understandable methods of enforcing their rights against those who might improperly use power over them. Most importa ntly, the Bill would act as a benchmark against which the actions of government could be challenged. The idea that current legislation reflects the will of the people is a fallacy. It is frequently the case that the political party holding a majority in Parliament has been elected by a minority of the population (and, as a result of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“first past the postà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  system) even a minority of the overall votes cast. By convention, that party will nonetheless form the government of the day. Thereafter, the system of Cabinet government (dominated in any event by Prime Ministers who are less à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“first among equalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and increasingly presidential) and party whipping results in the passage of legislation such as that in respect of terrorism for which the popular mandate is questionable to say the least. A further significant advantage would lie in the unifying and codifying effect which such a Bill would have upon the present hotch-potch o f equality and discrimination legislation. At present, prohibition of discrimination is to be found in a variety of measures which have been introduced over time such as the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relations Act 1976. More recently the Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003[5] and the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003[6] have been introduced to combat discrimination on the grounds of religious belief and sexual orientation. A consideration of these two Statutory Instruments reveals the absurdity that each is couched in virtually identical terms to the other but nonetheless has had to be separately enacted. A Bill of Rights could provide for the essential elements of equality from which the rights of all minorities that are discriminated against could then derive. This would ensure that unlike at present legislation and case law to combat discrimination on such grounds as disability and age would keep pace with the more tr aditionally accepted evils of racial and sexual discrimination. Foremost among the voices that continues to call for a UK Bill of Rights is Liberty which has published a draft bill[7] which, while acknowledging the ECHR also draws upon the 1966 United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Liberty argues that a Bill of Rights should be enforceable by individuals against all agents of the state and this would therefore include the judiciary as well as national and local government. The present problem with the Human Rights Act 1998 is that it is possible for the government to circumvent its intended effect by passing legislation which is in conflict with the ECHR. A Bill of Rights, by contrast, would enjoy overriding status. As in the case of the USA Constitution, measures which violated the provisions of the Bill would be struck down as inferior legislation. This would obviate the present tension between enforcement of rights under the 1998 Act and the reme dies previously available by way of judicial review. Finally, the frequently expressed concerns that parliamentary sovereignty would be undermined by the existence of such a Bill can be demonstrated to be misplaced. Unlike the 1998 Act which derives from an external European Convention, the Bill of Rights would be the creation of Parliament itself. Its imposition and subsequent adherence to it would serve to enhance rather than diminish the authority of Parliament. In conclusion, therefore, the passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 may be described (however anomalous this may appear at first sight) as a retrograde step for the cause of the enactment of a Bill f Rights in this jurisdiction. While the implementation of the European Convention should be lauded for the focus that it has attracted to the subject of individual rights in relation to the potential misuse of power by the state, the temptation is now for those significant players in the political game who previously espouse d such constitutional reform to regard the issue as largely redundant. It has been demonstrated that this is not so and that the need for a comprehensive code remains as acute as ever not only further to enhance the protection of human rights introduced by the impact of European measures but also to provide a unifying and consolidating force in a jurisdiction which has relied for far too long upon the development of common law principles and remedies to safeguard the liberty and other freedoms of the individual. A Royal Commission should be tasked with taking forward to work commenced by groups such as Liberty in order to implement the unification of a wide range of rights under a single, comprehensible and accessible code of rights. Bibliography Alder, J., General Principles of Constitutional and Administrative Law, (4th Ed., 2002) Allen, M. Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, (7th Ed., 2003) Barnett, H., Constitutional and Admin istrative Law, (5th Ed., 2004) Bradley, A. Ewing, K., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (13th Ed., 2003) Fenwick, H. Phillipson, G., Text, Cases and Materials on Public Law and Human Rights, (2nd Ed., 2003) Labour Party, A New Agenda for Democracy: Labourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Proposals for Constitutional Reform, (1993) Liberty, A Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Charter, Libertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bill of Rights, (1991) Liberty, Liberty Bill of Rights, (1995) Oliver, D. Drewry, G., The Law and Parliament, (1998) Wadham, J., A British Bill of Rights in Blackburn, R. Plant, R., (Eds.), Constitutional Reform: The Labour Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitutional Reform Agenda, (1999) Zander, M., A Bill of Rights?, (4th Ed., 1997) Footnotes [1] Labour Party, A New Agenda for Democracy: Labourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Proposals for Constitutional Reform, (1993), pp.29-32 [2] See, Wadham, J., A British Bill of Rights in Blackburn, R. Plant, R., (Eds.), Constitutional Reform: The Labour Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitutional Reform Agenda, (1999) [3] (4th Ed., 1997) [4] Oliver, D. Drewry, G., The Law and Parliament, (1998), p.177 [5] 2003 SI No.1660 [6] 2003 SI No.1661 [7] Liberty, Liberty Bill of Rights, (1995)

Are Cigarette Butts Biodegradable

The rate of cigarette smoking has decreased precipitously in the United States. In 1965, a whopping 42% of adult Americans smoked. In 2007 that proportion dipped below 20 percent, and the latest data available (2013) estimates the percentage of adults who smoke at 17.8 percent. That is good news for people’s health, but also for the environment. Yet, almost all of us continue to witness smokers carelessly toss cigarette butts on the ground. Let’s take a closer look at the environmental effects generated by that littering behavior. A Colossal Litter Problem A 2002 estimate put the number of filtered cigarettes sold in a year, globally, at 5.6 trillion. From that, about 845,000 tons of used filters end up being discarded as litter, winding their way through the landscape pushed by wind and carried by water. In the United States, cigarette butts are the single most common item picked up during beach clean-up days. During the US portion of the International Coastal Cleanup program over 1 million cigarette butts are removed from beaches every year. Street and road cleanups report that butts make up 25 to 50 percent of the items hauled. No, Cigarette Butts Are Not Biodegradable The butt of a cigarette is primarily the filter, made of a type of plasticized cellulose acetate. It does not readily biodegrade. That does not mean it will persist whole in the environment forever though, as sunlight will degrade it and break it into very small particles. These small pieces do not disappear, but wind up in the soil or swept in water, contributing to water pollution. Cigarette Butts Are Hazardous Waste Many toxic compounds have been found in measurable concentrations in cigarette butts including nicotine, arsenic, lead, copper, chromium, cadmium, and a variety of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Several of these toxins will leach into water and affect aquatic ecosystems, where experiments have shown that they kill a variety of freshwater invertebrates. More recently, when testing the effects of soaked used cigarette butts on two fish species (saltwater topsmelt and freshwater fathead minnow), researchers found that one cigarette butt per liter of water was enough to kill half of the exposed fish. It is not clear which toxin was responsible for the death of the fish; the study’s authors suspect either the nicotine, PAHs, pesticide residues from the tobacco, cigarette additives, or the cellulose acetate filters.​ Solutions A creative solution may be to educate smokers through messages on the cigarette pack, but these admonitions would compete for real estate on the packaging (and for the smokers’ attention) with the existing health warnings. Enforcing litter laws would also certainly help, as for some reason littering with butts is perceived as more acceptable than, say, throwing fast food packaging out of a car window. Perhaps most intriguing is a suggestion to require cigarette manufacturers to replace existing filters with biodegradable and non-toxic ones. Some starch-based filters have been developed, but they continue to accumulate toxins and thus remain a hazardous waste. Despite some regional successes in curbing smoking rates, finding a solution to the cigarette butt litter problem is critical. In developing countries, about 40 percent of adult males smoke, for a total of 900 million smokers – and that number is still increasing every year. Sources Novotny et al. 2009. Cigarette Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6:1691-1705. Slaughter et al. 2006. Toxicity of Cigarette Butts, and their Chemical Components, to Marine and Freshwater Fish. Tobacco Control 20:25-29. World Health Organization. Tobacco.